ENTOMOLOGY 10

FIRST MIDTERM, WINTER QUARTER 1997

A. Fill in the blanks. Answer 9 out of 13 statements (3 points for each question: 27 points). If you answer more than 9 questions, we will grade only the first 9.

1. Chemicals that permit communication with other species (i.e., interspecific) are called ___________________; whereas, chemicals that permit communication between individuals of a species (i.e., intraspecific) are called ______________________.
2. Sex determination mechanism in bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera) involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The term for this determination is called ___________________________.
3. The unique structure of a female insect's reproductive system where sperm is stored after insemination is called the ___________________________.
4. The compound eye of insects is made up of many facets that are called ________________________.
5. Unlike vertebrates that have two types of muscles, insects only have __________________________ muscles.
6. Virgin birth in which there is no mating is common in insects is referred to as obligate _____________________________.
7. The term used for the molting which in Greek means "getting out of" is called ___________________________.
8. In insects with chewing mouthparts, the __________________ is used for chewing the food. The ____________________ is used for grasping the food.
9. The prothoraciothropic hormone that controls the molting hormone is produced in the ______________________________ ____________________ in the brain (2 words).
10. The type of reproduction in which a female insect (e.g., grasshoppers and butterflies) deposits eggs in the environment is called _____________________________.
11. The evolutionary development, history, or family tree of the Insecta is referred to as its ______________________________.
12. The order (common or scientific name) of the most diverse group of insects (largest number of species is _________________________.
13. The binomial nomenclature (i.e., genus and species) which uses Latinized names is credited to the scientist _______________________.

B. Short answer questions. Answer 5 out of 8 questions (5 points each; 25 points total). If you answer more than 5 questions, we will only grade the first 5.

1. Give two reasons why you would not classify spiders and crabs as insects.
2. What is the difference between direct and indirect fertilization?
3. If insects do not have lungs, how do they (terrestrial forms) obtain oxygen?
4. In order for evolution to occur by natural selection 3 criteria must be met. The trait under selection must:
5. Why was the evolution of wings a major event that contributed to the diversity (taxonomic radiation) in insects?
6. Name four (4) functions of the insect's exoskeleton?
7. Why do terrestrial insects excrete uric acid rather than urea? Also name the structure in insects which is analogous to your kidneys.
8. What is the major difference between taxonomy and systematics?

C. Circle the italicized word(s) that apply to the following statements. Answer 4 out of 6 statements (3 points per statement;12 points total). If you answer more than 4 statements, we will only grade the first 4.

1. The order Diptera (flies) is characterized by being:
   • apterygote
   • paleopterous
   • endopterygote
   • holometabolous
2. The order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) is characterized by being:
   • apterygote
   • neopterous
   • endopterygote
   • hemimetabolous
3. The order Odonata (dragonflies and damsel flies) is characterized by being:
   • pterygote
   • paleopterous
   • endopterygote
   • ametabolous
4. The wings of insects are homologous/analogous to the wings of birds. The wings of all members of the class Insecta are/are not homologous because they evolved once/many times in evolutionary history.
5. In Batesian mimicry, the model insect is/is not palatable to the predator; whereas, the mimic insect is/is not palatable to the predator. Usually the mimic emerges before/after the model.
6. The function(s) of the peritrophic membrane is to:
   • protect the midgut cells
   • reabsorb water and ions
   • restrict microorganisms

D. Define 4 out of 6 pairs of terms. (5 points for each pair; 20 points total). If you answer more than 4 pairs, we will only grade the first 4.

1. Parasitoids vs. scavengers
2. Autotroph vs. heterotroph
3. Constitutive defense vs. inducible defense
4. Monophagous vs. oligophagous
5. Necrophagous insects and forensic entomology
6. Phenological adaptations vs. ecological adaptations

D. Answer only one of the two questions in essay format (= sentences). Confine your answers to the front of the page (16 points).

1. Describe how plants are able to defend themselves chemically against insect herbivores. (Give specific examples.).

   OR

2. Discuss three (morphological and physiological) factors that limit the size of an insect. That is, why don't we have insects as big as an elephant.

Syllabus
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