ENTOMOLOGY 10

FINAL, WINTER QUARTER 1997

A. Fill in the blanks. Answer 9 out of 13 statements (3 points for each question; 27 points). If you answer more than 9 questions, we will grade only the first 9. An asterisk (*) by questions 7, 10, 11, and 12 indicates the need for two words.

  1. The bacterium that causes fireblight of apples and pears, occurs on the body and mouthparts of honey bees. This is a form of _______________________ transmission by the honey bees.
  2. Another name for pollination by wind is _________________________.
  3. In eusocial insects, females give up their reproductive capacity for the benefit of the group. This sacrifice is known as _______________________.
  4. Most insecticides are designed to poison the ______________ system. A few insecticides are designed to interfere with growth and development. Other insecticides are designed to interfere with different systems such as _____________________ .
  5. As stated in question 4, a few insecticides interfere with normal growth and development (i.e., insect growth regulators or IGRs). An IGR is one that disrupts a particular tissue or a process. Name either the tissue or the process. _________________________________
  6. Any chemical found to cause cancer in laboratory animals is prohibited to be used in foods and is covered under the ________________________ Clause of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
  7. *Insect populations fluctuate over time but are kept within bounds at an upper and lower limit by abiotic and biotic factors. The statement is a definition for _______________ ____________.
  8. When the toxin gene from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, is inserted into a foreign organism such as a plant, we call it a (an) _________________________ plant.
  9. An example of a circulative, propagative plant pathogen is aster yellows. An example of this kind of relationship in medical entomology is _____________________.
  10. *The density at which control measures should be applied to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level is known as the ___________________ ________________________.
  11. *Sampling is done to determine insect populations level. When sweep net samples or pheromone traps are used, this form of sampling is referred to as the ____________________ _________________.
  12. *An insect that always has its general equilibrium position above the economic injury level (EIL) and requires human intervention to bring it below the EIL is a (an) _______________ _______________.
  13. Preservation of naturally-occurring natural enemies of an insect pest in biological control programs is known as _______________________________.

B. Answer in space provided. Answer 5 out of 8 questions (5 points each; 25 points). If you answer more than 5 questions, we will only grade the first 5.

  1. List three ways in which you could differentiate between a toxin from the salivary gland of a leafhopper and viral pathogen of a plant transmitted by a leafhopper.
  2. What is a biorational insecticide? Give a specific example justifying how it is biorational.
  3. What is bioaccumulation (= biomagnification)? Why does it occur and why is it a problem?
  4. Why are holometabolous insects usually more difficult pests to control than hemimetabolous insects?
  5. Briefly describe why ants are relevant to the food chain.
  6. Why is the use of synthetic chemical insecticides for the control of pest insects in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs often inconsistent with the simultaneous use of biological control agents such as parasitic wasps?
  7. How can pheromones and kairomones be used to control pest insects?
  8. In what type of a habitat are you likely to find insectivorous plants? How and why do these plants obtain nutrients from insects?

C. Define 4 out of 6 pairs of terms (5 points for each pair; 20 points). We will grade only your first 4 answers.

  1. Polymorphism vs. Polyethism
  2. Inclusive fitness vs. Kin selection
  3. Persistent vs. Non-persistent
  4. Containment vs. Eradication
  5. Aggregation vs. Quasisocial group
  6. Pesticide treadmill and Rachel Carson

D. Circle the italicized word(s) that apply to the following statements. Answer 4 out of 6 statements (3 points per statement; 12 points). If you answer more than 4 statements, we will only grade the first 4.

  1. Ecological advantage(s) derived from cooperation in social insects include(s)
    • nest construction
    • foraging
    • small populations
    • defense
  2. Insect(s) native to North America that has (have) become pest(s) in California include(s)
  3. Feature(s) common to the Sirex woodwasp control program is (are)
  4. Sirex woodwasp is associated with
  5. Dutch elm disease is associated with
  6. Eusocial insects are characterized by

E. Essay question. Answer only one of the two questions (16 points). We will only grade the first one answered.

  1. Pollination by insects is obligatory for many species of plants. Describe two examples of plant-insect interactions and how the plants facilitate pollination by the insects. Describe how the insects participate in this pollination. What do the insects gain in return for visiting the plants?

    OR

  2. Using a graphical analyses of dose-responses (label x and y axes), indicate how the application of an insecticide can lead to the evolution of resistance to the insecticide in a population of insects. In conjunction with your graphical analysis describe how the evolution of resistance to this insecticide meets the criteria for evolution by natural selection and why the evolution of resistance is an example of the Red Queen Hypothesis.

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