ENTOMOLOGY 135

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Biological Control of Weeds

1. Introduction.

1. Natural biological control of phytophagous insects.
2. Applied biological control: classical and augmentative.
3. Relationship between classical biological control of phytophagous insects and of weeds (see table).
4. Examples: Rhopalomyia californica & Prochoerodes truxaliata vs. weedy Baccharis spp. (piluris in California, halimifolia and neglecta in Texas; halimifolia in Australia).

2. Preliminary considerations.

1. Conflict of interests.
2. Host-specificity tests.
3. Current protocol in USA.

3. Kinds of natural enemies.

1. Insects.
2. Plant pathogens.
3. Others (e.g., mites, fish, geese, goats).

4. Case history: Chrysolina quadrigemina vs. Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum) in Northern California.

5. Current issues.

1. Environmental impact.
2. Control of native plants.
3. Weeds in row crops.
4. New vs. old associations.
5. Predictive approaches.

General references.

• Andres, L. A., C. J. Davis & A. J. Wapshere.1976. Biological control of weeds. Ch. 19 In Theory and Practice of Biological Control, C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (Editors). Academic Press, New York. (on reserve).
• Delfosse, E. S. (Editor). 1985. Proc. Sixth Intern. Symp. Biol. Control. Weeds (1984). Agric. Canada, Ottawa.
• Delfosse, E. S. (Editor).1990. Proc. VII Intern. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds (1988). Isituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste, Rome. 701 pp.
• Delfosse, E. S. and R. R. Scott (Editors).1995. Proc. VII Intern. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds (1988). CSIRO, Melbourne. 735 pp.
• Harley, K. L. S. and I. W. Forno. 1992. Biological Control of Weeds: A Handbook for Practitioners and Students. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 74 pp.
• Julien, M. H. (Editor).1992. Biological Control of Weeds. A World Catalogue of Agents and Their Target Weeds. Third Edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 186 pp.
• Moran, V. C. and J. H. Hoffman (Editors). 1996. Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Univ. of Cape Town, South Africa. 563 pp.
• Nechols, J. R. et al. (Editors). 1995. Biological Control in the Western United States. Accomplishments and Benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Univ. of Calif., ANR Publ. 3361. 356 pp.
• Rosenthal, S. S., D. M. Maddox & K. Brunetti.1984. Biological Methods of Weed Control. Calif. Weed Conf., Monogr. #1. 88 pp.
• TeBeest, D. O. (Editor). Microbial Control of Weeds. Chapman & Hall, London.

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