ENTOMOLOGY 135

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Case Histories in Biological Control

1. Introduction.

1. The "case" method.
2. Databases and testing hypotheses.

2. Natural biological control.

1. Significance.
   1. IPM.
   2. classical biological control.
2. Example: winter moth (Operophtera brumata).

3. Classical biological control.

1. Types of success:
   • partial.
   • substantial.
   • complete.
   • ecologic.
   • economic.
2. success rate, BIOCAT databases (see handout).
3. Selected case histories.
   • California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii).
   • Larch sawfly (Pristophora erichsonii).
   • Coconut leaf mining beetle (Promecotheca coeruleipennis).
   • Coconut moth (Levuana iridescens).
4. Factors affecting success:
   • host compatibility.
   • climate.
   • enemies.
   • habitat.
   • competition.
   • genetics.
   • host phenology.
   • position of economic injury level.
   • etc.
5. USDA Documentation Center (ROBO).
6. CAB Technical Communications (see handout).

4. Fortuitious Biological control.

1. Classification:
   • Pest & enemy exotic.
   • Pest exotic.
   • Enemy native.
   • Pest native.
   • Enemy exotic.
2. Selected case histories:
   • Yellow scale (Aonidiella citrina).
   • Nigra scale (Saisettia nigra).
   • Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica).
   • Western grape leaf skeletonizer (Harrisina brillians).
   • Boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis).

5. Preemptive biological control.

1. Basic concept: enemy in first.
2. Example: Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia)

6. Biological control through interspecific competition.

1. Basic concept (see handout).
2. Example: dung beetles vs. filth flies.

References

• Caltagirone, L. E.1981. Landmark examples in classical biological control. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26: 213-32.
• Clausen, C. P. (Editor).1978. Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. USDA Agr. Hdbk. 480. 545 pp. (on reserve).
• DeBach, P. (Editor).1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman & Hall, London. 844 pp. (on reserve).
• DeBach, P.1971. Fortuitous biological control from ecesis of natural enemies. pp. 293-307 In Entomological Essays to Commemorate the Retirement of Professor K. Yasumatsu. Hokuryukan, Tokyo.
• Ehler, L. E. & L. A. Andres.1983. Biological control: Exotic natural enemies to control exotic pests. Ch.14, In Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture, C. L. Wilson & C. L. Graham (Editors). Academic Press, New York. 522 pp.
• Hagen, K. S. & J. M. Franz.1973. A history of biological control. pp. 433-76 In History of Entomology, R. F. Smith, T. E. Mittler & C. N. Smith (Editors). Annual Reviews, Palo Alto. 517 pp.
• Hall, R. W. & L. E. Ehler.1979. Rate of establishment of natural enemies in classical biological control. Bull. Entomol.Soc. Am. 25: 280-82.
• Hall, R. W., L. E. Ehler & B. Bisabri-Ershadi.1980. Rate of success in classical biological control of arthropods. Ibid 26: 111-14.
• Hokkanen, H.1985. Success in classical biological control. CRC Critical Review. Plant Science 3(1): 35-72.
• Huffaker, C. B. (Editor).1971. Biological Control. Plenum, New York. 511 pp. (on reserve).
• Huffaker, C. B. & P. S. Messenger (Editors). Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, New York. 788 pp. (on reserve).
• Moon, R. D.1980. Biological control through interspecific competition. Environ. Entomol. 9: 723-28.
• Waterhouse, D. F.1974. The biological control of dung. Sci. Am. 230(4):100-09.

CAB Technical Communications

• Wilson, F.1960. A review of the biological control of insects and weeds in Australia and Australian New Guinea. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication 1: 1-102.
• McLeod, J. H.1962. A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Part I. Biological control of pests of crops, fruit trees, ornamentals, and weeds in Canada up to 1959. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 2:1-34.
• McGugan, B. M. and H. C. Coppel.1962. A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Part II. Biological control of forest insects,1910-1958. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 2: 35-216.
• Wilson, F.1963. Australia as a source for beneficial insects for biological control. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 3:1-28.
• Anonymous.1971. Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada, 1959-1968. C.I.B.C., Tech. Comm. 4:1-266.
• Greathead, D. J.1971. A review of biological control in the Ethiopian region. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 5:1-162.
• Rao, V. P., M. A. Ghani, T. Sankaran and K. C. Mathur.1971. A review of the biological control of insects and other pests in southeast Asia and the Pacific region. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 6:1-149.
• Greathead, D. J. (Editor).1976. A review of biological control in western and southern Europe. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 7:1-182.
• Kelleher, J. S. and M. A. Hulme (Editors).1984. Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada 1969-1980. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 8:1-410.
• Cock, M. J. W. (Editor).1985. A review of biological control of pests in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Bermuda up to 1982. C. I. B. C., Tech. Comm. 9:1-218.
• Cameron, P. J., R. L. Hill, J. Bain and W. P. Thomas.1989. A review of biological control of invertebrate pests and weeds in New Zealand 1874 to 1987. CAB Intern. Inst. Biol. Contr. Tech. Comm.10:1-424.

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