ENTOMOLOGY 135

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Insect Pathology and Biotechnology

I. Introduction

1. Biotechnology
2. Genetic Engineering
3. Classical Genetics

II. Gene Mapping

III. Fungi, Protozoa, and Nematode Pathogens

1. Persistence
2. Xenorhabdus (luminescence marker)
3. Increase virulence

IV. Bacteria -- B. thuringiensis

1. Genes for delta-endotoxin production
2. delta-endotoxin into other bacteria
   1. Escherichia coli
   2. Pseudomonas fluorescens (MVP - Mycogen)
   3. Cyanobacterium sp.
3. delta-endotoxin into plants
   1. Tobacco
   2. Cotton, legumes, tomato, etc.
   3. Corn - Clavibacter (Corynebacterium) xyli cynodontis
   4. Algae

V. Viruses

1. Autographa californica NPV
   1. Advantages for genetic engineering
   2. Expression vector
      1. Interferon
      2. AIDS vaccine
      3. Microbial pesticides (delta-endotoxin, juvenile hormone, scorpion toxin, etc.)
2. Bombyx mori NPV (other NPVs as expression vector)
   1. Interferon
   2. Microbial pesticides

VI. Registration and Patents

VII. Environmental Concerns

Selected References

• Andrews, R. E., R. M. Faust, H. Wabiko, K. C. Raymond, and L. A. Bulla, Jr. 1987. The biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis. CRC Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 6:163-232.
• Hochberg, M. E. and J. K. Waage.1991. Control engineering. Nature 352:16-17.
• Maeda, S. 1989. Expression of foreign genes in insects using baculovirus vectors. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34: 351-372.

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