ENTOMOLOGY 135

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Introduction to Biological Control

I. Introduction

1. Objectives
2. Expectations - Lecture and Laboratory
   1. Lecture -- Handouts and outlines as an aid
   2. Laboratory
      • -- Insect Pathology (work with pathogens)
      • -- Biological control (field trips and identification of natural enemies)
3. Grades -- Midterm and final; laboratory final.

II. Meaning of Biological Control

1. Concept of natural control
2. Definition of biological control

III. Terminology

1. Natural biological control
2. Applied biological control (human involvement)
   1. Classical biological control
   2. Augmentative biological control

IV. Role of Biological Control in IPM

1. Strategies vs. tactics in pest control
   1. Strategies (do nothing, containment = management, eradication)
   2. Tactics (insecticides, natural enemies, host plant resistance, etc.)
2. Role of biological control
   1. Conventional agriculture
   2. Organic agriculture
   3. Sustainable agriculture

V. Approach in Entomology 135

1. Biology of organisms
2. Classical biological control
3. Conservation and augmentation
4. Case histories
5. Biological control in pest management
6. Biotechnology and biological control

General References on Biological Control

• Baker, R. R. and P. E. Dunn. (Editors).1990. New Directions in Biological Control. Alan R. Liss, New York. 837 pp.
• Burges, H. D. (Editor).1981. Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases. Academic Press, New York. 949 pp.
• Burges, H. D. and N. W. Hussey. (Editors). Microbial Control of Insects and Mites. Academic Press, New York. 861 pp.
• Cantwell, G. E. (Editor).1973. Insect Diseases. Vol.1 and 2. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 595 pp.
• Clausen, C. P. (Editor).1978. Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. USDA Agric. Handbk. 480. 545 pp.
• Coppel, H. C. and J. W. Mertins.1977. Biological Insect Pest Suppression. Springer-Verlag, New York. 314 pp.
• DeBach, P. (Editor). 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman & Hall, London. 844 pp.
• DeBach, P.1974. Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 325 pp.
• Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.1992. Beyond Pesticides: Biological Approaches to Pest Management. ANR Publications, Oakland CA. 183 pp.
• Franz, J. M. (Editor).1986. Biological Plant and Health Protection. Progress in Zoology 32, G. Fischer Verl., Stuttgart. 350 pp.
• Fuxa, J. R. and Y. Tanada (Editors).1987. Epizootiology of Insect Diseases. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 555 pp.
• Gaugler, R. and H. K. Kaya. (Editors). 1990. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 365 pp.
• Hoy, M. A. and D. C. Herzog. (Editors).1985. Biological Control in Agricultural IPM Systems. Academic Press, Orlando. 589 pp.
• Huffaker, C. B. (Editor). Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. 511 pp.
• Huffaker, C. B. and P. S. Messenger (Editors).1976. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, New York. 784 pp.
• Kurstak, E. (Editor). 1982. Microbial and Viral Insecticides. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 720 pp.
• Laird, M., L. A. Lacey, and E. W. Davidson. (Editors).1990. Safety of Microbial Pesticides. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
• Mackauer, M., L. E. Ehler, and J. Rolands. (Editors).1989. Critical Issues in Biological Control. Intercept, Andover, U. K. 330 pp.
• Poinar, G. O., Jr. and G. M. Thomas.1984. Laboratory Guide to Insect Pathogens and Parasites. Plenum Press, New York. 392 pp.
• Steinhaus, E. A.1949. Principles of Insect Pathology. McGraw-Hill, New York. 757 pp.
• Tanada, Y. and H. K. Kaya.1993. Insect pathology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 666 pp.
• van den Bosch, R., P. S. Messenger, and A. P. Gutierrez.1981. An Introduction to Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. 225 pp.

Definitions

Natural control

the maintenance of a more or less fluctuating population density of an organism within certain definable upper and lower limits over a period of time by the actions of abiotic and/or biotic environmental factors.

Biological control

the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.

Strategy

a plan or technique for achieving some end.

Tactic

a planned action or maneuver for accomplishing an end.

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