ENTOMOLOGY 135

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Biology of Protozoan Pathogens

I. Protozoans - General information

1. Protoctista
2. Six entomogenous phyla

II. Zoomastigina and Rhizopoda (Sarcomastigophora)

III. Ciliophora

IV. Apicomplexa (Gregarinia and Coccidia)

V. Haplosporidia (Status not certain)

VI. Microspora (Order: Microsporida)

1. General characteristics
2. Historical significance
3. Spore morphology
4. Portal of entry - oral, congenital
5. Mode of infection
   1. Polar filament extrusion
   2. Sporoplasm
6. Life cycle - complex
7. Generic separation
8. Host range
9. Tissue affinity
10. Signs and symptoms
11. Effect on host
12. Period of lethal infection
13. Common genera - Nosema, Amblyospora, Vairimorpha

Selected References

• Andreadis, T. G. 1990. Polymorphic Microsporidia of mosquitoes: potential for biological control, pages 177-188 in New Directions for Biological Control, R. R. Baker and P. E. Dunn, eds. Alan R. Liss, New York.
• Brooks, W. M. 1988. Entomogenous Protozoa, pages 1-149 in CRC Handbook of Natural Pesticides. Microbial Insecticides, Part A. Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi, C. M. Ignoffo, ed. Vol. 5. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
• Henry, J. E. 1990. Control of insects by Protozoa, pages 161-176 in New Directions for Biological Control, R. R. Baker and P. E. Dunn, eds. Alan R. Liss, New York.
• Maddox, J. V. 1987. Protozoan diseases, pages 417-452 in Epizootiology of insect diseases, J. R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada, eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Tanada, Y. and H. K. Kaya. 1993. Insect Pathology. Academic Press, San Diego. Chapter 12; pages 425-447.

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