ENTOMOLOGY 135

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Ecological Basis/Predators & Parasitoids

1. Introduction.

1. Ecological theory, entomological practice
2. Predators/parasitoids vs. pathogens.

2. Population ecology.

1. Population dynamics and natural control.
2. Concept of density-dependent mortality.
   1. Spatial vs. temporal.
   2. Direct vs. inverse.
   3. Delayed density dependence.
3. Mechanism of density-dependent mortality.
   1. Functional response.
   2. Numerical response.
   3. Total response.
4. Concept of density-independent mortality.
   1. Spatial vs. temporal.
   2. Constant vs. catastrophic.
   3. Density "vague".

3. Hypotheses to account for action of successful predators/parasitoids.

1. Temporal density dependence.
2. Spatial density dependence.
3. Delayed density dependence.
4. Local extinction.
5. Refuge effect (enemy-free space).

Community ecology.

1. Pest populations and natural-enemy communities.
2. Current issues.

General references.

• Hawkins, B. A. and W. Sheehan (Editors). 1994. Parasitoid Community Ecology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK. 516 pp.
• Huffaker, C. B. and R. L. Rabb (Editors). 1984. Ecological Entomology. John Wiley, New York. 844 pp.
• Mackauer, M., L. E. Ehler & J. Roland (Editors). 1990. Critical Issues in Biological Control. Intercept, Andover, UK. 330 pp. (on reserve)

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