1996 Midterm

1. A parasitoid larva inside a caterpillar infected by a steinernematid nematode could result in...
   1. death of the parasitoid.
   2. death of the host caterpillar.
   3. death of the nematode.
   4. infection of the caterpillar and survival of the parasitoid.
2. The impact of naturally occurring predators, parasitoids, and pathogens on a native insect pest represents...
   1. augmentative biological control.
   2. parabiological control.
   3. neoclassical biological control.
   4. none of the above.
3. Entomopathogens that can disperse on their own power include...
   1. baculoviruses.
   2. Lagenidium giganteum.
   3. enomophthorean fungi.
   4. microsporidia.
4. The presence of either one, two, or three conspecific parasitioid larvae in a given host larva could represent...
   1. facultative solitary/gregarious development.
   2. self superparasitization.
   3. conspecific superparasitization.
   4. all of the above.
5. A host that is normally susceptible to an entomopathogen may not become infected because...
   1. the host has no receptor sites for pathogen attachment.
   2. the host is too old for infection to occur (maturation immunity).
   3. the host is too young for infection to occur.
   4. the pathogen has lost its virulence.
6. The presence of a single parasitoid larva inside a host could represent...
   1. a solitary larval endoparasitioid.
   2. a solitary larval-pupal endoparasitoid.
   3. a facultative egg/egg-larval parasitoid.
   4. all of the above.
7. Microsporidian pathogens of insects infect their hosts by...
   1. ingestion of spores.
   2. ingestion of meronts.
   3. extrusion of the polar filament into a susceptible cell.
   4. none of the above.
8. The presence of two nonconspecific parasitoid larvae in a given host could represent...
   1. facultative secondary parasitization.
   2. obligate hyperparasitization.
   3. cleptoparasitization.
   4. none of the above.
9. Which of the following statements is (are) true for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)?
   1. it is an obligate pathogen.
   2. the main insecticidal component is in the delta endotoxin.
   3. all subspecies produce the beta exotoxin.
   4. a high pH is needed for the dissolution of the delta endotoxin.
10. A parasitoid larva developing in an adult coccinellid could represent...
    1. intraguild predation.
    2. hyperparasitization.
    3. pseudoparasitism.
    4. none of the above.
11. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) are characterized by...
    1. a number of virions in a polyhedron.
    2. fat body as the primary site of infection.
    3. the presence of peplomers on the envelope in the polyhedron.
    4. a period of lethal infection of one to four days.
12. The functional response of an insect predator...
    1. is measured in terms of number of eggs laid at a given prey density.
    2. is measured in a spatial context.
    3. is directly related to the numerical response.
    4. none of the above.
13. Vertical transmission of insect pathogens is relatively common with...
    1. fungi.
    2. microsporidia.
    3. nematodes.
    4. Bacillus thuringensis.
14. The numerical response of an insect parasitoid...
    1. can be measured in either a spatial or temporal context.
    2. is a component of the total response.
    3. is independent of the functional response.
    4. all of the above.
15. Attributes of an insect pathogen that may affect an epizootic include...
    1. capacity to disperse.
    2. capacity to reproduce iin an alternate host.
    3. capacity to persist in the environment.
    4. capacity to be highly virulent.
16. Host feeding in parasitic Hymenoptera...
    1. can be density-dependent.
    2. does not harm the host.
    3. may represent an "adaptive decision">
    4. all of the above.
17. Steinernematid nematodes share some attributes of insect parasitoids, including...
    1. local mate competition.
    2. distinct foraging strategies.
    3. haplodiploidy.
    4. functional response.
18. Omnivory in predaceous Hemptera...
    1. is a form of predator switching.
    2. is in response to host kairomones.
    3. can lead to increased fitness.
    4. none of the above.
19. Fungi Imperfecti, such as Beauveria and Metarhizium, that are pathogenic to insects can...
    1. infect hosts by using chitinase as the primary enzyme in cuticular penetration.
    2. infect hosts by germination of spores (conidia) in the midgut.
    3. kill their host by the production of mycotoxins.
    4. kill their host within two days after infection.
20. Members of synthetic parasitoid guilds in classsical biological control...
    1. have a common coevolutionary history with each other.
    2. may have a common coevolutionary history with the target pest.
    3. may not recognize hosts parasitized by another member of the guild.
    4. all of the above.

    Part II (20%)
    An isolated orange tree on the campus is infested with the citrus fruit worm (CFW). CFW moths lay eggs in clusters (variable number/cluster) on the undersides of leaves; upon hatching, the larvae make their way to the fruit where they feed on the peel. A given fruit can support several CFW larvae. At maturity, CFW larvae drop to the soil, aggregate in empty snail shells, and pupate. CFW is exploited by an egg-larval parasitoid, a larval parasitoid, and a pupal predator.

21. For the egg-larval parasitoid, draw a graph and label the axes for an inverse density-dependent rate of parasitization (spatial context).
22. For the larval parasitoid, draw a graph and label the axes for a direct density-dependent rate of parasitization (spatial context).
23. For the pupal predator, draw a graph and label the axes for a density-independent rate of predation (spatial context).
24. For the pupal predator, draw and label the axes for a Type III functional response.

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